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    英文筆記

    Ch3 被動語態

    • 2018-07-02 16:54:53
    • 2286
    • 英文
    • Tetsuhiko
    • 重點1 簡單式被動語態
      1. 現在簡單式被動：S + am/is/are + p.p.
      2. 過去簡單式被動：S + was/were + p.p.
      3. 未來簡單式被動：S + will be + p.p.

      例句：
      • The room is cleaned every day.
      • Many accidents are caused by drunken driving.
      • All the tickets were sold out last week.
      • This house was built in 1918.
      • The meeting will be held next week.

      重點例句：
      • Some of his money is spent on books.

      開竅要訣
      1. 英文句子分成「主動語態」和「被動語態」。

        例句：
          (1) 主動語態：I invited him to the party.
          (2) 被動語態：He was invited to the party (by me).
      2. 不及物動詞加介系詞才可改為被動語態。

        例句：
        • He is laughed at by his friends because he can't dance.
    • 重點2 進行式被動語態
      1. 現在進行式被動：S + am/is/are + being+ p.p.
      2. 過去進行式被動：S + was/were + being + p.p.

      例句：
      • Now a new road is being built.
      • A baseball game was being played at seven o'clock last night.
      • The man is being watched by the police.

      重點例句：
      • The house is being painted and it is supposed to be finished by Friday.
      • The washing machine is being repaired by a mechanic right now.
      • Someone is walking behind me. I think I am being followed.

      開竅要訣
      1. 進行式被動是在 be動詞 與過去分詞之間加 being。
      2. 現在進行式常加 now, at present, right now 等時間副詞。
    • 重點3 完成式被動語態
      1. 現在完成式被動：S + has/have + been + p.p.
      2. 過去完成式被動：S + had been + p.p.
      3. 未來完成式被動：S + will have been + p.p.

      例句：
      • Have you ever been beaten by a dog.
      • The room had been cleaned when I came.
      • By next month, my house will have been painted again.

      重點例句：
      • My lost bicycle hasn't been found yet.
      • The plan has already been designed based on our ideas.

      開竅要訣
      • 完成式被動是在 have/has/had 與過去分詞之間加 been。
    • 重點4 助動詞之被動語態
      1. must be + p.p.
      2. should/ought to + be + p.p.
      3. can be + p.p.

      例句：
      • The door should be locked.
      • The house should be painted. / The house ought to be painted.
      • Must this letter be written in English?
      • A lot of difficulties can be overcome by practicing again and again.

      重點例句：
      • If we are to reduce air pollution, some useful measures must be taken.

      開竅要訣
      1. 常用助動詞如下：
        • shall/should, will/would
        • can/could, may/might
        • must/ought to
      2. 助動詞被動語態在助動詞之後加 be + p.p.。
    • 重點5 不定詞與動名詞之被動表達
      1. 不定詞之被動：to be + p.p.
      2. 動名詞之被動：being + p.p.

      例句：
      • To love is more important than to be loved.
      • The house is going to be painted next week.
      • She was afraid of being followed by a stranger.
      • He escaped being hurt in the accident.

      重點例句：
      • As far as I am concerned, I don't like to be treated that way.
      • We should protect the rivers from being polluted with trash.

      開竅要訣
      • 在介系詞（如：of, in, with, ...）及某些及物動詞（如：enjoy, finish, mind, practice, ...）之後之動詞必須加 ing。
    • 重點6 感官動詞與使役動詞之被動表達
      1. S + be + {seen}+
        to + VR
        made
      2. S + have/make + O + 
        p.p.
      3. S + let + O +
        be + p.p.

      例句：
      • I saw her run into the room. → She was seen to run into the room.
      • He made me go there alone. → I was made to go there alone.
      • How often do you have your hair cut?
      • Let the work be done at once.

      重點例句：
      • He was seen to enter the restaurant with a foreigner yesterday.

      開竅要訣
      1. 比較下列用法：
        (1) {主動：S + have/make + O + VR
        被動：S + have/make + O + p.p.
        (2) {主動：S + let + O + VR
        被動：S + let + O + be + p.p.
      2. 感官動詞（如：watch, see, hear, ...）和使役動詞的 make 在被動語態時須接不定詞。
        S +  {is/am/are }+ {
        seen
        heard
        made
        		 }+
        to + VR
        was/were

        例句：
        • 主動：The boss made the workers work day and night.
        • 被動：The workers were made to work day and night.
    • 重點7 動詞片語改為被動式
      動詞片語改被動式時，其後之介系詞要保留下來。

      例句：
      • People listened to the important game on the radio. → The important game was listened to on the radio.
      • He will take care of the baby. → The baby will be taken care of by him.

      重點例句：
      • As he is inexperienced, he is looked down on by other artists.

      開竅要訣
      • 動詞片語：
        (1)雙字動詞(2)三字動詞
        ［動詞＋介系（副）詞］
         look after （照顧）
         put off （延期）
         laugh at （嘲笑）
         rely on （信賴）
         …        		［動詞＋名詞＋介系詞］
         put up with （忍受）
         make up for （嘲笑）
         take care of （照顧）
         look down on （鄙視）
         …

    • 重點8 被動語態的by可用其他介系詞代替
      被動語態中，最常見的介系詞是 by ，但也可以是其他介系詞（如：at, in, of, with, ...）。

      例句：
      • We are interested in English.
      • I was satisfied with your work.
      • We were surprised at the news.

      重點例句：
      • Lincoln is so famous that he is known to everybody in the world.
      • I was caught in a shower on my way home.

      開竅要訣
      • 表「情感」的動詞，如以人當主詞，常用被動式表示：
        (1)be +
        acquainted （熟悉）
        covered （覆蓋）
        equipped （裝備）
        filled （充滿）
        satisfied （滿意）
        		 + with
        (2)be +
        amazed （震驚）
        astonished （驚訝）
        surprised （驚奇）
        shocked （震驚）
        disappointed （失望）
        		 + at
        (3)be +
        absorbed （專心）
        bathed （籠罩在）
        caught （陷入）
        dressed （穿著）
        engaged （專注）
        interested （感興趣）
        		 + in
        (4)be +
        adapted （適應）
        devoted （致力於）
        known （被熟知）
        married （結婚）
        used （習慣於）
        		 + to

        例句：
        • He is known to everyone in Taiwan.
        • He is well-known for his talents. （此處的for表原因）
    • 重點9 客觀的說法
      主詞不明確或表客觀說法時，常以被動式表示。

      例句：
      • It is hoped that the world can be peaceful.
      • People say that Mike is sick in bed.
        → It is said that Mike is sick in bed.
        → Mike is said to be sick in bed.

      重點例句：
      • People believe that the candidate will get re-elected
        → It's believed that the candidate will get re-elected.
      • It is said that he is sentenced to ten years in prison.
        → He is said to be sentenced to ten years in prison.

      開竅要訣
      1. 表「客觀說法」的形式如下：
        • It is said that... （據說…）
        • It is believed that... （大家相信…）
        • It is expected that... （大家期望…）
        • It is reported that... （據報導…）
        • It is suggested that... （我們建議…）
      2. 「It is said that S + V. + ...」可改為下列句型：
         (1) S + is said to + VR → 表現在
                 (2) S + is said to + have + p.p. → 表過去

        例句：
        • It is said that he is rich.
          → He is said to be rich.
        • It is said that he was rich.
          → He is said to have been rich.
    • 重點10 不可用被動式的動詞及片語
      以下動詞及片語不可用被動式：
      • take place/happen/occur （發生）
      • belong to （屬於）/break out （爆發；發生）
      • 連綴動詞：look, feel, taste, smell, remain, ...

      例句：
      • An accident happened here a week ago.
      • This house belongs to me now.

      重點例句：
      • A conference will take place to solve the serious pollution problem.
      • The cafeteria was closed because a fire broke out last year.

      開竅要訣
      • 並非所有及物動詞皆有被動式，例如：cost, last （持續）, resemble （長得像）, have, ... 沒有被動式。

        例句：
        • The pen costs five dollars.
          The pen is cost five dollars.
        • Jane resembles her mother.
          Her mother is resembled by Jane.

    實力診斷重點句子
    • 觀念題
      • I found out that the letter has been sent to the wrong address.
      • She is made to play the piano two hours every day.
      • He is still unable to make himself understood in English; his English is too poor.
      • On being questioned by the teacher, Sam confessed his mistakes.
      • You had better have that bad tooth pulled out.
    • 選擇題
      • It is expected that the bridge will have been completed by next April.
      • The band is made up of a vocalist, a keyboard player, a bass player and a guitar player.
      • The teacher patiently explained again the rules which had to be followed.
    • 翻譯題
      • The tradition has been passed down from father to son for generations.
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